5,122 research outputs found
Towards a Theory of Firm Entry and Stabilization Policy
This paper studies the role of stabilization policy in a model where firm entry responds to shocks and uncertainty. We evaluate stabilization policy in the context of a simple analytically solvable sticky price model, where firms have to prepay a fixed cost of entry. The presence of endogenous entry can alter the dynamic response to shocks, leading to greater persistence in the effects of monetary and real shocks. Entry affects welfare, depending on the love of variety in consumption and investment, as well as its implications for market competitiveness. In this context, monetary policy has an additional role in regulating the optimal number of entrants, as well as the optimal level of production at each firm. We find that the same monetary policy rule optimal for regulating the scale of production in familiar sticky price models without entry, also generates the amount of (endogenous) entry corresponding to a flex-price equilibrium.
Combining QED and QCD transverse-momentum resummation for Z boson production at hadron colliders
We consider the transverse-momentum () distribution of bosons
produced in hadronic collisions. At small values of , we perform the
analytic resummation of the logarithmically enhanced QED contributions up to
next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy, including the mixed QCD-QED contributions
at leading logarithmic accuracy. Resummed results are consistently matched with
the next-to-leading fixed-order results (i.e. ) at
small, intermediate and large values of . We combine the QED corrections
with the known QCD results at next-to-next-to-leading order
() and next-to-next-to-leading logarithmic accuracy.
We show numerical results at LHC and Tevatron energies, studying the impact of
the QED corrections and providing an estimate of the corresponding perturbative
uncertainty. Our analytic results for the combined QED and QCD resummation,
obtained through an extension of the resummation formalism in QCD, are
valid for the production of generic neutral and colourless high-mass systems in
hadronic collision.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figure
Botulinum toxin therapy: functional silencing of salivary disorders.
Botulinum toxin (BTX) is a neurotoxic protein produced by Clostridium botulinum, an anaerobic bacterium. BTX therapy is a safe and
effective treatment when used for functional silencing of the salivary glands in disorders such as sialoceles and salivary fistulas that may
have a post-traumatic or post-operative origin. BTX injections can be considered in sialoceles and salivary fistulas after the failure of or
together with conservative treatments (e.g. antibiotics, pressure dressings, or serial aspirations). BTX treatment has a promising role in
chronic sialadenitis. BTX therapy is highly successful in the treatment of gustatory sweating (Frey\u2019s syndrome), and could be considered
the gold standard treatment for this neurological disorder
Detecting similarities among distant homologous proteins by comparison of domain flexibilities
Aim of this work is to assess the informativeness of protein dynamics in the detection of similarities among distant homologous proteins. To this end, an approach to perform large-scale comparisons of protein domain flexibilities is proposed. CONCOORD is confirmed as a reliable method for fast conformational sampling. The root mean square fluctuation of alpha carbon positions in the essential dynamics subspace is employed as a measure of local flexibility and a synthetic index of similarity is presented. The dynamics of a large collection of protein domains from ASTRAL/SCOP40 is analyzed and the possibility to identify relationships, at both the family and the superfamily levels, on the basis of the dynamical features is discussed. The obtained picture is in agreement with the SCOP classification, and furthermore suggests the presence of a distinguishable familiar trend in the flexibility profiles. The results support the complementarity of the dynamical and the structural information, suggesting that information from dynamics analysis can arise from functional similarities, often partially hidden by a static comparison. On the basis of this first test, flexibility annotation can be expected to help in automatically detecting functional similarities otherwise unrecoverable. © 2007 The Author(s)
Algorithmic paradigms for stability-based cluster validity and model selection statistical methods, with applications to microarray data analysis
AbstractThe advent of high throughput technologies, in particular microarrays, for biological research has revived interest in clustering, resulting in a plethora of new clustering algorithms. However, model selection, i.e., the identification of the correct number of clusters in a dataset, has received relatively little attention. Indeed, although central for statistics, its difficulty is also well known. Fortunately, a few novel techniques for model selection, representing a sharp departure from previous ones in statistics, have been proposed and gained prominence for microarray data analysis. Among those, the stability-based methods are the most robust and best performing in terms of prediction, but the slowest in terms of time. It is very unfortunate that as fascinating and classic an area of statistics as model selection, with important practical applications, has received very little attention in terms of algorithmic design and engineering. In this paper, in order to partially fill this gap, we make the following contributions: (A) the first general algorithmic paradigm for stability-based methods for model selection; (B) reductions showing that all of the known methods in this class are an instance of the proposed paradigm; (C) a novel algorithmic paradigm for the class of stability-based methods for cluster validity, i.e., methods assessing how statistically significant is a given clustering solution; (D) a general algorithmic paradigm that describes heuristic and very effective speed-ups known in the literature for stability-based model selection methods.Since the performance evaluation of model selection algorithms is mainly experimental, we offer, for completeness and without even attempting to be exhaustive, a representative synopsis of known experimental benchmarking results that highlight the ability of stability-based methods for model selection and the computational resources that they require for the task. As a whole, the contributions of this paper generalize in several respects reference methodologies in statistics and show that algorithmic approaches can yield deep methodological insights into this area, in addition to practical computational procedures
General criterion for the entanglement of two indistinguishable particles
We relate the notion of entanglement for quantum systems composed of two
identical constituents to the impossibility of attributing a complete set of
properties to both particles. This implies definite constraints on the
mathematical form of the state vector associated with the whole system. We then
analyze separately the cases of fermion and boson systems, and we show how the
consideration of both the Slater-Schmidt number of the fermionic and bosonic
analog of the Schmidt decomposition of the global state vector and the von
Neumann entropy of the one-particle reduced density operators can supply us
with a consistent criterion for detecting entanglement. In particular, the
consideration of the von Neumann entropy is particularly useful in deciding
whether the correlations of the considered states are simply due to the
indistinguishability of the particles involved or are a genuine manifestation
of the entanglement. The treatment leads to a full clarification of the subtle
aspects of entanglement of two identical constituents which have been a source
of embarrassment and of serious misunderstandings in the recent literature.Comment: 18 pages, Latex; revised version: Section 3.2 rewritten, new Theorems
added, reference [1] corrected. To appear on Phys.Rev.A 70, (2004
Threshold Resummed Spectra in B -> Xu l nu Decays in NLO (I)
We evaluate thresholds resummed spectra in B -> Xu l nu decays in
next-to-leading order. We present results for the distribution in E_X and in
m_X^2/E_X^2, for the distribution in E_X and E_l and for the distribution in
E_X, where E_X and m_X are the energy and the invariant mass of the final
hadronic state Xu respectively and E_l is the energy of the charged lepton. We
explicitly show that all these spectra (where there is no integration over the
hadronic energy) can be directly related to the photon spectrum in B -> Xs
gamma via short-distance coefficient functions.Comment: 33 pages, no figures. The section on the double distribution in the
hadron and electron energies has been largely rewritten with an improved
resummation scheme. Small stylistic changes in the remaining sections.
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Beyond Competitive Devaluations: The Monetary Dimensions of Comparative Advantage
Motivated by the long-standing debate on competitive devaluation, we propose a new perspective on how monetary and exchange rate policies can contribute to a country’s international competitiveness. We refocus the analysis on the implications of monetary stabilization for a country’s comparative advantage. We develop a two-country New Keynesian model with two tradable sectors in each country: one perfectly competitive, the other producing differentiated goods under monopolistic competition subject to sunk entry costs and nominal rigidities and hence more sensitive to macroeconomic uncertainty. Monetary policy can disproportionately foster competitiveness of differentiated goods firms, ultimately affecting the composition of domestic output and exports. (JEL E12, E23, E52, F11, F31) Keynes Fellowship at Cambridge University, the Cambridge-INET Institute
Time-dependent Nonlinear Optical Susceptibility of an Out-of-Equilibrium Soft Material
We investigate the time-dependent nonlinear optical absorption of a clay
dispersion (Laponite) in organic dye (Rhodamine B) water solution displaying
liquid-arrested state transition. Specifically, we determine the characteristic
time of the nonlinear susceptibility build-up due as to the Soret
effect. By comparing with the relaxation time provided by standard
dynamic light scattering measurements we report on the decoupling of the two
collective diffusion times at the two very different length scales during the
aging of the out-of-equilibrium system. With this demonstration experiment we
also show the potentiality of nonlinear optics measurements in the study of the
late stage of arrest in soft materials
Evidence on the Efficacy of School-Based Incentives for Healthy Living
We analyze the effects of a school-based incentive program on children's exercise habits. The program offers children an opportunity to win prizes if they walk or bike to school during prize periods. We use daily child-level data and individual fixed effects models to measure the impact of the prizes by comparing behavior during prize periods with behavior during non-prize periods. Variation in the timing of prize periods across different schools allows us to estimate models with calendardate fixed effects to control for day-specific attributes, such as weather and proximity to holidays. On average, we find that being in a prize period increases riding behavior by sixteen percent, a large impact given that the prize value is just six cents per participating student. We also find that winning a prize lottery has a positive impact on ridership over subsequent weeks; consider heterogeneity across prize type, gender, age, and calendar month; and explore differential effects on the intensive versus extensive margins.health; exercise; children; school; incentives; active commuting
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